Major World Events
1000-1499 CE/AD
Beginning to 1 BCE * 1-999 AD/CE * 1000-1499 AD/CE. *. 1500 AD/CE - Present
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1000-1099
1001 - Approximate date the Chinese perfect gunpowder.
1002 - Leif Ericson, son of Eric the Red, leads an expedition to the west, journeys down the coast of North America, possibly as far south as Maryland.
1014 Pope Benedict VIII officially added filioque to the Nicene Creed. It means that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son. He did this to insist on the equality of the deity. But the Eastern Church insists that the Holy Spirit came from the Father through the Son. They are offended that the West altered the Creed without an ecumenical council
1033-1109 - Anselm, father of scholasticism. He proposed the ontological argument for the existence of God. He argued for the necessity of the Incarnation and Redemption of Christ and for the satisfaction theory of atonement (see 1097).
1054 - Pope Leo IX's delegate, Cardinal Humbert, laid a sentence of anathema on the altar of St. Sophia, the most prestigious Eastern Orthodox church. The two churches are permanently separated
1069 - Famine strikes Egypt, which does not recover until 1072.
1075 - Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII engage in a dispute concerning who can appoint bishops.
1079 b. Peter Abelard, the Refiner of Scholasticism. He came to some heretical conclusions. For example, he believed that the death of Christ was just a moral example for us to follow.
1080 Pope Gregory VII excommunicated Emperor Henry IV. The high point of papal supremacy
Death of Lady Godiva (benefactress)
1093 b. Bernard of Clairvaux, the most influential person of his day. He helped reform the monasteries. He was a great preacher, in spite of his allegorical exegesis. And he was Augustinian in his doctrines of grace, which later gave Calvin and the other reformers an anchor in the High Middle Ages
1096 Pope Urban II preaches the First Crusade. Upwards of twenty-thousand individuals obey his summons and prepare to march on the Holy Land. The pope wanted to save Constantinople, save the Byzantine Empire, and thus heal the breach between the Eastern and Western Church. They were able to temporarily regain the Holy Land
1097 - Anselm published his book, Cur Deus Homo (lit. ‘Why the God Man’) describing his satisfaction theory of atonement where “God’s offended honor and dignity could only be satisfied by the sacrifice of the God-man, Jesus Christ.” This was the foundation for the Penal Substitutionary theory of the 16th-century Protestant reformers.
1099 - First Crusade - Jerusalem is retaken from the Muslims - The First Crusade fought for lofty ideals. The pope wanted to save Constantinople, save the Byzantine Empire, and thus heal the breach between the Eastern and Western Church. They were able to temporarily regain the Holy Land
1100-1199
1100 b. Peter Lombard, scholastic author of Four Books on the Sentences, the standard theological text for 200 years. It influenced Calvin's Institutes
1106 Henry V becomes Holy Roman Emperor. He rules until 1125.
1109 - Anselm dies
England and France begin a war with each other.
1115 - Saint Bernard founds the Abbey of Clairvaux in France.
1119 - Hugues de Payens founds the Order of the Templar Knights.
1143 - Peter Abelard dies
1147 - Second Crusade - Saint Bernard of Clairvaux appeals to the nobility of Europe to return their attention to the Holy Land, rousing many knights to battle.
1148 - The Crusaders fail to capture Damascus.
1153 - Benard of Clairvaux dies (b. 1090)
1156 - Kremlin built in Moscow
1167 - Alred of Rievoulx d. Spiritual father
1168 Arabs recapture Cairo, driving out Christian crusaders.
1181/2 - Francis of Assisi born
1187 Muslims retake Jerusalem
1190 - Third Crusade
1197 - Peter the Chanter, along with Stephen Langton (d. 1228). Responsible for early Bible chapter divisions
1200-1299
1200-04 - The Fourth Crusade begins. Crusaders organize themselves and agree to meet in Venice. When they are unable to pay for transport, they agree to conquer outlying territories on the behalf of the Byzantine emperor. The Crusaders finished this crusade by looting Constantinople, the seat of the Eastern Orthodox church. So much for the lofty ideals of the First Crusade
1204 - Glass craftsmen flee Turkey after Fourth Crusade to Venice. (1291) Later get banned to Murano Italy, an island, because the furnaces used to heat the glass were catching buildings on fire.
1212 The Children's Crusade. The children felt they could take the Holy Land supernaturally because they were pure in heart. Most of them were drowned, murdered, or sold into slavery
1206 - Genghis Khan took power in Mongolia
1207 - The Mongols invade northern China.
1208 - Cambridge University founded..
1210 - Francis of Assisi founds the Franciscan Order.
1212 - In early spring, 10,000 German children and later in June 20,000 French set off on the Children's Crusade. Their leader, a fourteen-year-old shepherd boy named Stephen from Cloyes-sur-le-Loire, France, has a vision of Christ and delivers a letter to the King of France. Stephen confronts the pope and chastises him for his lack of action in rescuing the Holy Land. The chagrined pope grants him permission. The horde of children set off for Palestine, expecting the Mediterranean Sea to part for them as the Red Sea did for Moses in Christian belief. When this miracle fails to happen, they are "generously" given free passage across the ocean--but the sailors take them captive and sell thousands of them into slavery in Muslim slave markets of northern Africa, leading to an ignominious end to the Children's Crusade.
1215 - Magna Carta signed
1217 The Fifth Crusade begins, ending in failure in 1222. The crusaders set out to conquer Egypt in order that its grain supplies and troops will not be available to Muslim forces, who are becoming increasingly organized and centralized under a single ruler.
1218 Genghis Khan captures the Persian empire.
1224 St. Francis's Stigmata, a mystical experience of the wounds of Christ
1225 St. Thomas Aquinas born. He dies in 1274. Thomas Aquinus, the chief teacher of the Catholic Church. Author of Summa Contra Gentiles, an apologetic handbook for Dominican missionaries to Jews, Muslims, and heretics in Spain, and Summa Theologica, the theological textbook that supplanted Lombard's Sentences as the chief theological work of the Middle Ages
1227 - Stephen Langdon - NT - chapter divisions
1229 - The crusaders of the Sixth Crusade surround Jerusalem. Frederick II gains Jerusalem by diplomacy.
1232 - Raymond Lull, first missionary to Muslims
Oldest recorded use of rockets: Chinese use rockets in attempts to repel the Mongols.
1244 - Jerusalem recaptured by the Muslims
1244 - Cardinal Caro dividing up Bible to aid looking up scriptures in conjunction with Vulgate concordance
1248 Louis IX of France leads the Seventh Crusade. This was the last crusade. The final result of the crusades is that the western Christians drove a wedge between the Church and the Jews, between the Church and the Muslims, and between the Western and Eastern Church.
1249 Louis IX takes the city of Damieta in Egypt.
1267 - Birth of Dante. He dies in 1321.
1271 Marco Polo China and great Silk Road - sets off with his father and uncle to visit the court of Kublai Khan--it is a twenty-four-year trip.
1274 - Thomas Aquinas's Summa Theologiae is published. dies same year
1291
Muslim armies capture Acre, the last Christian holdings in Palestine. This marks the end of successful crusades. Scots acknowledge the English king as suzerain (Edward I). He oversees the process of succession to the Scottish throne.
Glass craftsmen are banned to Murano Italy, an island, from Venice (1204) because the furnaces used to heat the glass were catching buildings on fire.
1295 - Marco Polo publishes his tales of China
RENAISSANCE-14th to 16th c--------------------
1300-1399
1300s - glass disks are used for scribes to see at night
c.1300-c.1400 The Black Death. 1/3 of the population from India to Iceland is wiped out, including about 1/2 of Britain
1306 Philip IV expels the Jews from France.
1307 - Dante's Divine Comedy written about 1307-1321
1316 Raymund Lull stoned to death
1330 b. John Wycliffe, the most important theologian in Oxford, the most important university in Europe. He taught that we must rely altogether on the sufferings of Christ. "Beware of seeking to be justified in any other way than by His righteousness"
1337 - Hundred Years War begins (lasts 115 yrs)
1347-53 - The Black Death kills 20-40% of Europe's population - 1st European attack
1348-49 - Black Death kills 1/3 of English population - The outbreak in 1348 marks the most devastating plague outbreak in recorded history for Britain, and deaths continue through 1350.
1349 d. Thomas Bradwardine, who influenced Wycliffe to adopt Augustine's doctrine of grace and to reject the Semi-Pelagianism of the Roman Catholic church
1349 Persecution of Jews in Germany.
1357- first printed catechism
1371 - John Huss, Bohemian pre-reformer. He was greatly influenced by Wycliffe. He rejected indulgences and said Christ is the head of the Church, not the pope
1378 The Great Schism. Pope Gregory XI moves the papacy back to Rome. France declares Clement VII pope in Avignon. There are two competing popes for close to 40 years
1380 - Thomas (Haemmerlein) a Kempis born
John Wycliffe, an advocate of religious reform, is forced to stop his teaching at Oxford.
1381-2 - Bible is translated into English by Wycliffe from the Vulgate finished in 1384 - John Wycliffe and his Lollard followers complete the first full English translation of the Bible. Wycliffe expelled from Oxford because of his opposition to Church doctrines and his views officially condemned as heresy. A later version of the Wycliffite Bible follows in 1388.
1384 John Wycliffe dies. Natural causes.
1400-1499
1400 - Golf balls were invented
Death of Geoffrey Chaucer (writer)
Quality Mirrors were starting to be used (beyond dimly polished metals, glass). The use of mirrors gave rise to self-understanding, the self=portrait, and a focus shift from family, tribe, community to THE individual
1415 - Church condemns Wycliff posthumously and burns John Huss
1428 - Wycliff's bones were burned by the Catholic Church throwing them in the river
1429 - Joan of Arc
1431 -Joan is burned alive after military campaigns against England
1435 - Cosimo di Medici begins Medici rule in Florence
Donatello makes bronze sculpture “David"
1440 - Guttenburg invented the printing press (1500s, it really spread) caused the need for glasses to read, which let to lenses for the microscope and telescope. With the mirror, glass helped humans to see themselves, (small) germs and cells, and (large) the heavens
?? glasses were needed because people realized that they were farsighted and couldn’t read the newly made available books
1448 - OT divided into chapters - officially made due to the printing press
1452 - Leonardo DaVinci is born
1453 - the birth of the Renaissance Era
fall of Constantinople ending the Byzantine empire
end of the 100 Years War
1455 - First Bibles printed on the presses - Mazarin Bible
1461 - Louis XI becomes king of France
1471 - Thomas a' Kempis dies
1474 - First patent was given for new inventions in the Republic of Venice
1481 - Spanish Inquisition begins in Castile
1483 - Luther is born
1485 - Leonardo DaVinci invents parachute
1491 - Ignatius of Loyola b.
1492 - Columbus sailed the ocean blue
Leonardo DaVinci theorizes flying machines
First map globe - geo-centric - Martin Behaim
Erasums ordained. Erasmus's Humanist movement was beginning to stir the church to moral reform
1497 b. Philip Melanchthon
Beginning to 1 BCE * 0-999 AD/CE * 1000-1499 AD/CE. *. 1500 AD/CE - Present